![]() ![]() The changes in the structure of the architectures had relegated them to historical enclosure behind modern vaults, as in Assumpció church in Vallibona, La Pobla de Benifassà parish church and the former Palau Joan Valeriola, today the Chirivella Soriano Foundation. Their panels, located in churches and noble palaces dating from the Middle Ages, show again their vigorous colors. ![]() In recent years, Valencia’s artistic heritage has undergone successive restoration campaigns aimed at recovering painted ceilings. In the analysis, I will focus on the Hungarian privileges given to the towns, which were the results of the missions, and the rituals that could be connected to the privileges, to show the role played by the bishop in the transition of power, and how the kings of Hungary adapted their policy to the Dalmatian society. I will discuss how they eased the tension and mediated between the towns and the king and helped setting the Hungarian rule. In this presentation, I will analyze the role of the bishops during Coloman’s takeover. Coloman’s expedition was a generally non-violent event, because the diplomatic missions of the bishops and archbishops helped to avoid sieges. He was crowned king of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102, and three years later he took the towns during a military campaign. Although Ladislas succeeded to get hold of some parts of Croatia, it was King Coloman who successfully consolidated the Hungarian rule in the region. After the extinction of the Croatian royal dynasty in 1091, the Hungarian king, Ladislas I, attempted to acquire the Croatian throne. The Dalmatian towns went through a chaotic period at the turn of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. They were members of the city councils and assemblies, and diplomatic leaders. The Dalmatian towns’ bishops played an important role in both the secular and ecclesiastical life of their cities from the early Middle Ages. With a view to the chapel’s mandatory restoration, the Friends of the Bruges City Museums mounted a crowdfunding project in 2016 involving one of the local craft brewers in producing and marketing a Prestige limited edition, gruit-based beer brand, suitably called “Lodewijk van Gruuthuse”, thus – in a contemporary whim of romantic medievalism – temporarily (?) closing the circle since the medieval symbiosis between the Lords of Gruuthuse and craft beer manufacturing. ![]() In 1472, Lodewijk van Gruuthuse (aka Louis de Bruges), earl of Winchester and knight of the Golden Fleece, a devout catholic, treated himself and his family to a private oratory, with a window into the presbytery of the adjoining Church of Our Lady, home to the mausoleum-like tombs of Duke Charles the Bold and his daughter Mary of Burgundy. Their wealth allowed them to transform the Gruuthuse storage facility into a luxury city palace, still standing as a museum. ![]() One such wealthy family, prominent in Bruges, were the Lords of Gruuthuse, having acquired the monopoly to levy taxes on “gruut” (EN: gruit), an old-fashioned herbal mixture used as a flavouring agent for beer in place of hops. Then, religion and piety were ubiquitous in public and private life, while devotion and beauty stemming from worldly wealth, were all but contradictory values. Scholars of medieval studies are generally aware of the legacy of Bruges, former stronghold of the Dukes of Burgundy, as a beacon of culture and a town notable not merely in Flanders, but also in late medieval Europe. ![]()
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